Systems, methods, and computer readable media for providing applications style functionality to a user

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and computer readable media of providing applications style functionality to a user of a mobile radio terminal are disclosed. In certain embodiments, the systems, methods, and computer readable media include the steps of receiving a data stream transmission having a plurality of states, wherein each state is associated with output instructions and storage instructions, and wherein the plurality of states is configured such that moving through the states creates the appearance of executing an application on the mobile radio terminal; decoding the data stream transmission and caching each of the plurality of states with the associated output instructions according to the associated storage instructions; rendering a first state; responsive to an event on the mobile radio terminal, moving from the first state to a second state by applying the output instructions associated with the second state; and communicating a change of state to a server.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the National Phase application of InternationalApplication No. PCT/AU2009/001298, filed 30 Sep. 2009, which claims thebenefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/136,763,filed 1 Oct. 2008, and which is further incorporated herein, in itsentirety, by reference. This application is related to co-pendingInternational Application No. PCT/AU2008/000466, filed 9 Oct. 2008,which is entitled “Systems Methods and Apparatuses for ProvidingApplications Style Functionality to a User.” The disclosure ofPCT/AU2008/000466 is also incorporated herein, in its entirety, byreference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates to a systems, methods and apparatusesthat are configured to provide applications style functionality to auser. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems,methods, and computer readable media that may include a mobile deviceand/or a server configured to communicate with the mobile device toprovide applications style functionality to the user of the mobiledevice.

2. Description of Related Art

There are several existing methods for implementing softwareapplications on wireless devices. These methods include browser-basedapplications implemented in mark-up languages such as WML and cHTML, andalso stand alone or thick client applications that are typicallyimplemented in JAVA and execute the majority of the applicationfunctionality natively within the wireless device.

A browser-based application involves the implementation of anapplication server that delivers mark-up languages (e.g., HTML), whichare then interpreted by a general purpose browser resident on a clientdevice. Browser based applications are relatively easy to implement butgenerally offer very poor interactivity with the user because of thebandwidth limitations and latency associated with wireless links. Whilelanguages such as HTML are powerful and expressive, they do not makeefficient use of the bandwidth between an application server and abrowser. One reason for this inefficiency is that they are designed tobe human readable and as such, are generally represented usingalphabetic characters.

Browser based systems suffer from many limitations including significantcomplexity required to implement basic functionality and extremeslowness arising from the fact that each user input requires an entirepage fetch from a server.

A thick client based application involves the implementation of a clientprogram that is fully executed on a client device. JAVA is often used asthe language to implement the client software because it is ubiquitouslyavailable on wireless devices. Thick client based applications are oftenaugmented by services provided by a ground based server to mediateconnectivity to data of interest.

Client based applications are typically much more interactive thanbrowser based applications because code can be executed on the clientdevice which does not involve the latency of the wireless link. However,the thick client approach requires a separate application to beimplemented for each new item of functionality that must be eitherpre-loaded or downloaded prior to use. The need to preload theapplication considerably reduces the appeal and accessibility of thisapproach.

A combination of the above is also possible involving the use of amark-up language in conjunction with a scripting language. This approachis seen typically as a combination of HTML and Javascript. Thecombination includes the advantages of both approaches but also includesthe problems of both approaches.

The present inventors have observed that it would be desirable toprovide systems, methods and apparatuses that are configured to provideapplications style functionality to a user to overcome some of thedisadvantages of prior art systems.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems,methods, and computer readable media that minimize the data that istransmitted from the server to the client. The reduction is deliveredusing a number of techniques, including: a common library of graphicalelements that include the graphical representation of characters ismaintained in a cache on the client, but managed by the server, and isused to minimize the retransmission of any item; the definition of anystate on the client is defined in terms of references to the images inthe cache; the definition of a state on the client can also be definedin terms of the graphical differences between it and another statealready loaded on the client; changes to a page over time are determinedby the server and only the differences between versions are transmittedto the client.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure minimize the latencyexperienced by the user by pre-caching content or, when a page is notpre-cached, by transmitting only the content required to fill thedisplay area of the client before the screen on the mobile device isupdated.

In certain embodiments, content downloaded from the server by the proxywill have an effective lifetime before it expires and needs to berefreshed. States that represent an expired page will often bepre-loaded on the client and need to be updated. The system manages thisaging of the cached data and the efficient communication of updates.

In certain embodiments, a server can include details in its responsethat allows the proxy to determine optimum methods to transmit pages tothe client and to manage the expiry of pages.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of providing applicationsstyle functionality to a user of a mobile radio terminal includes thesteps of receiving a data stream transmission having a plurality ofstates, wherein each state is associated with output instructions andstorage instructions, and wherein the plurality of states is configuredsuch that moving through the states creates the appearance of executingan application on the mobile radio terminal; decoding the data streamtransmission and caching each of the plurality of states with theassociated output instructions according to the associated storageinstructions; rendering a first state; responsive to an event on themobile radio terminal, moving from the first state to a second state byapplying the output instructions associated with the second state; andcommunicating a change of state to a server.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of transmitting data to amobile radio terminal includes the steps of interpreting the executionof an application such that the application can be expressed as aplurality of linked states through which a mobile radio terminal cannavigate to create the appearance of executing the application; encodinga first data stream having ones of the plurality of linked states,wherein each state is associated with output instructions and storageinstructions; transmitting the first data stream to at least one mobileradio terminal; and maintaining a record of the ones of the plurality oflinked states that were transmitted to the at least one mobile radioterminal in the first data stream.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of transmitting data to amobile radio terminal comprising the steps of providing a currentimpression having a first set of screen elements; building an index of aplurality of impressions, wherein each of the plurality of impressionsincludes a set of screen elements; selecting ones of the plurality ofimpressions that have a set of screen elements that are the most similarto the first set of screen elements of the current impression; comparingeach set of screen elements of the selected impressions with the firstset of screen elements to determine a best fit impression; generating adata transmission that comprises a set of differences between the bestfit impression and the current impression; and transmitting the datatransmission to a mobile radio terminal.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of transmitting data to amobile radio terminal comprising the steps of storing a set of characterimages; providing the set of character images to a mobile radioterminal; generating a data transmission from a web page according tothe set of character images such that the web page can be reconstructedfrom references to the set of character images; transmitting the datatransmission to the mobile radio terminal.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of transmitting data to amobile radio terminal comprising the steps of transmitting a first stateto the mobile radio terminal, wherein the first state includes a statetransition table; determining an order of transmission of a plurality ofstates based on the state transition table of the first state;transmitting a second state to the mobile radio terminal according tothe order of transmission without receiving a request from the mobileradio terminal.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of transmitting data to amobile radio terminal comprising the steps of determining a variabilityof each of a plurality of elements of a first screen in an application;identifying a first set of areas of the first screen that can berepeated across a plurality of other screens based on the variability ofthe plurality of elements of the first screen; transmitting datarepresenting the first screen to at least one mobile radio terminal; andtransmitting data representing the first set of areas of the firstscreen to at least one mobile radio terminal such that the at least onemobile radio terminal can reuse the first set of areas for otherscreens.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method for managing changes to ascreen over time so that transmitting of changes to a mobile radioterminal is minimized, the method comprising the steps of comparing aplurality of versions of a page to determine whether portions of thepage have changed; comparing a plurality of defined non-static sectionsof the page to determine if at least one of the non-static sections ofthe page has changed; selecting ones of the plurality of definednon-static portions of the page that have changed; and transmitting theselected ones of the plurality of defined non-static portions of thepage to at least one mobile radio terminal.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method for managing content in acache for transmission to a mobile radio terminal comprising the stepsof defining related content in a cache, wherein the related content isexpected to expire at the same time; defining expiry times of therelated content in the cache; verifying a validity of the relatedcontent; removing the related content from the cache upon occurrence ofthe expiry time of the related content; and requesting updated contentto replace the removed related content.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method for creating a personalizedexperience for a client application based on a time and/or location of auser comprising the steps of determining a plurality of locations andtimes at which a user of a mobile radio terminal accesses a clientapplication; generating a profile of the user's behavior and preferencesbased on the plurality of locations and times at which the user of themobile radio terminal accesses the client application; modifying adisplay of the client application based on the profile of the user'sbehavior and preferences.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method for prioritizing thetransmission of content to a client device based on the time andlocation at which a user accesses a client application comprising thesteps of determining a plurality of locations and times at which a userof a mobile radio terminal accesses a client application; generating aprofile of the user's behavior and preferences based on the plurality oflocations and times at which the user of the mobile radio terminalaccesses the client application; modifying a display of the clientapplication based on the profile of the user's behavior and preferences.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method for transmitting multiplepages in smaller units from a server to a client application in responseto a single request, the method comprising the steps of receiving arequest for a plurality of pages; transmitting the request to a server;receiving the plurality of pages from the server; and generating aresponse including the plurality of pages, wherein the plurality ofpages are separated into smaller units for transmission to a clientdevice.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method for a proxy to make a singlerequest to a server to generate multiple pages wherein those pages aresubsequently downloaded and cached by the proxy comprising the steps ofreceiving a request for a plurality of pages; transmitting the requestto a server; receiving a data transmission from the server, said datatransmission including ones of the plurality of pages from the serverand instructions regarding retrieval of other ones of the plurality ofpages; and generating a response including the ones of the plurality ofpages, wherein the plurality of pages are separated into smaller unitsfor transmission to a client device.

In certain exemplary embodiments, computer readable media and systemsare disclosed for performing any of these methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to facilitate a more detailed understanding of the nature ofthe inventions disclosed herein, exemplary embodiments of systems,methods and apparatuses that are configured to provide applicationsstyle functionality to a user will now be described in detail, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the elements of a wireless system inaccordance with exemplary embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a browser application in accordancewith exemplary embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary server in accordance withexemplary embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary conversion from a page toa state in accordance with exemplary embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary definition of a stateimpression in terms of other impressions in accordance with exemplaryembodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary definition of a changedpage based on an older version of the page in accordance with exemplaryembodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 7 is a schematic of the method in the client used to determine ifthe cached version of a state is still current and should be displayedin accordance with exemplary embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the Renderer's management of changingpages requested or built from the server or application in accordancewith exemplary embodiments disclosed herein;

FIG. 9 is a representation of the renderer's method for managing changesto page impressions and impressions of changed pages in accordance withexemplary embodiments disclosed herein; and

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary process for theconversion from a page to impressions and the definition of states/pageimpressions in accordance with exemplary embodiments disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described indetail, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.The examples and embodiments are provided by way of explanation only andare not to be taken as limiting to the scope of the inventions.Furthermore, features illustrated or described as part of one embodimentmay be used with one or more other embodiments to provide a further newcombination. It will be understood that the present inventions willcover these variations and embodiments as well as variations andmodifications that would be understood by the person skilled in the art.

The present disclosure relates to systems, methods and computer readablemedia that are configured to provide applications style functionality toa user. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems andapparatuses that may include a mobile device and/or a server configuredto communicate with the mobile device to provide applications stylefunctionality to the user of the mobile device. Details of certainembodiments disclosed herein are provided below with reference to FIGS.1 and 2.

In exemplary embodiments, a wireless system comprising a user device(e.g., a mobile device) and a server (e.g., a proxy server) may beprovided.

The user device may be configured to provide applications stylefunctionality to a user. To achieve this, in exemplary embodiments, theuser device may receive data comprising a series of linked states (e.g.,screen pages) plus additional data (e.g., metadata) associated with eachpage. The metadata may include storage instructions and displayinstructions. The user device may decode the received data and cacheeach state and its corresponding display instructions in accordance withthe storage instructions.

The server may be configured to communicate with the user device andwith at least one applications server. The server receives data andmarkup instructions from more than one source, including from itself andencodes it. In particular, the server may be configured to interpret theexecution of an application or rendering of a page and express it as aseries of states through which the user device may navigate to createthe appearance of executing an application or browsing web content. Toachieve this, the server may encode the data so that the data comprisesa series of linked display pages plus metadata associated with each page(e.g., storage instructions and display instructions). The server maytransmit the encoded data stream for reception by a mobile device andmaintain a record of the contents of the cache constructed in the userdevice after reception of the encoded data stream according to thestorage instruction. Additionally, the server may receive the details ofthe changes in state on the user device, anticipate future states andencode the future states into subsequent data transmissions to the userdevice.

For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, a state may be a fullHTML page and subsequent states may be pages to which the original pageis linked (e.g., via a hypertext link). In addition, a state may be asmall section of the original page and a subsequent state may be anadjacent area of the page or the page once a dropdown list has beenexpanded. Furthermore, a new state may be a complete new application oroutput of other media such as sound.

In certain exemplary embodiments the transmission from the server to theuser device may be continuous while a channel is open, and when thechannel is not otherwise busy the server may use the open channel totransmit a first generation of states linked to the last displayedstate, together with their associated metadata. This transmission may befollowed by the second generation of states linked to the firstgeneration and so on.

In exemplary embodiments, a displayed state may contain items for userselection, and the selection of an item may result in the display of acorresponding new state to the user. In situations where the new pageand its associated output instructions have already been received by theuser device, there will be less delay in displaying the new state afterselection. Transmission of user selections to the server may also beused to assist in maintaining synchronization between a cache in theuser device and the record maintained at the server.

In exemplary embodiments, the proxy server may also separately transmitpage element data that is common to a plurality of pages, together withassociated metadata and display instructions, for instance font data fortext. This data may be retrieved by appropriate pages as they are beingconstructed, for instance to generate the text for display on the page.

In exemplary embodiments, inputs by the user may be initiated via, forexample, voice, touching the screen, movement of the device, instructionfrom another application, communication over a wireless network (e.g.,Bluetooth), instructions from the server, keyboard input, etc.

In certain exemplary embodiment, a user device (e.g., a mobile device)for providing applications style functionality to a user may beconfigured to receive a data stream transmission, comprising a series oflinked state conditions; respond to input or an event by moving thedevice to a new state by applying output instructions; notify a serverof the change in state; and repeatedly move from one state to another tocreate the appearance of running an application; and decode the receiveddata stream and cache each state and its output instructions inaccordance with the storage instructions received with each state.

In certain exemplary embodiments, each state condition may containoutput instructions (such as content to display on the screen) togetherwith a list of new states that the device can move to in response todefined inputs or events.

In certain embodiments, the mobile device may be a mobile phone or aPDA.

In another exemplary embodiment a server (e.g., a proxy server) forcommunicating with the mobile device may be configured to interpret theexecution of an application or rendering of a page and express it as aseries of states through which the user device may navigate to createthe appearance of executing an application or browsing web content;encode a data stream to comprise a series of linked states, plusmetadata associated with each page (e.g., storage instructions anddisplay instructions); transmit the encoded data stream for reception bya user device; and maintain a record of the contents of the cacheconstructed in the user device after reception of the encoded datastream according to the storage directions.

In exemplary embodiments, an area of memory on the mobile device may bededicated to be managed by the server. The server may have completecontrol of this area of memory on the device. The data stream betweenthe server and the device may include storage instructions to the mobiledevice regarding how to change this memory to record multiple states andother content. The mobile device may read the memory but may not makechanges to the memory without instruction from the server. The serverwill retain a full copy of the controlled memory on the device. Inaddition, the server may retain a history of storage instructions builtinto the data stream such that if instructions to the device are lostthey can be either re-transmitted or undone.

Referring to FIG. 1, the wireless system 10 comprises a mobile device12, a proxy server 14 and an applications server 16. The mobile device12 has a display 20 for the user to read, and a keypad 22 for the userto make entries. Internally the mobile device 12 has a cache 24 in whichit stores the code received from the proxy server 14. The mobile devicemay also have a scripting engine 26 capable of executing scripting code.

The proxy server 14 receives applications transmissions from theapplications server 16 in a mark-up language. The received applicationsfunctionality is divided into a first part for execution by the proxyserver. A second part of the applications functionality is encoded intoscripting code for execution by the mobile device 12. The code is thentransmitted to the mobile device 12. The proxy server 14 may be able tocommunicate with many mobile devices and applications serverssimultaneously.

The scripting codes are then transmitted from the proxy server 14 to themobile device 12. This transmission 30 may use a persistentcommunication connection between the proxy server and the mobile deviceand may comprise a series of linked display states 32 each of which isaccompanied by metadata that includes storage instructions 34 anddisplay instructions 36. A variety of different communication protocolsmay be used including TCP and UDP which may be transported over variedprotocols and technologies including IP, GPRS, HSPA, Wi-Fi, Bluetoothetc. Transmissions may be initiated by either the client or the serverso that the client may trigger a request for data or the server may pushdata to the client that it anticipate sit will need.

The storage instruction 34 may include a unique cache reference thatdefines where the associated state 32 is to be stored in cache 24. Theproxy server 14 keeps a record of these cache references and somaintains knowledge of the contents of the cache 24.

The display instructions 36 include instructions to retrieve data fromselected cache references and build a page for display on the mobiledevice. These instructions may cause a new display page to be built fromscratch, but are more likely to update the currently displayed page withsmall changes. For instance, if the currently displayed page is abrowser window (40), as shown in FIG. 2, the top bar (42) may comprisedrop down menu items, the next bar (44) may comprise navigation buttonsand the main frame (46) may have vertical (48) and horizontal (50)scroll bars and some text or images displayed in it. From one page toanother the only part of the display that changes might be some of thetext in frame (46).

Accordingly, the display instructions to cause such a new page to bedisplayed include directions to retrieve selected letters of a fontstored in cache and to overwrite existing locations in the frame withthose letters. As a result of reading the new text the user may make afurther selection using keyboard (22) which might cause a further changein text. Alternatively the user entry might cause a more significantchange to the display.

The system operates to reduce (or minimize) delays for the user betweeneach display state, and it does this by loading pages and page elementsinto the cache (e.g., intermittently or continuously) when thecommunications channel is open between the mobile device and the proxyserver. In particular new states might be uploaded while the user isreading the text displayed in the current page. The states that areuploaded will generally be those most likely to be selected for displaynext. For instance, if the user is reading a page in an application thatis linked to five other states those five states might be uploaded.

The order in which they are uploaded might be determined by thehistorical frequency of their selection, or an algorithm operating atthe proxy server (or mobile device) that takes account of the user'spast behavior. Each of the five pages in the next generation may belinked to pages of another generation, and once the five pages areuploaded the next generation may be loaded.

In certain embodiments, it may not always be necessary to upload wholepages. The system may implement different strategies to upload completeor part pages depending on performance objectives being sought, the typeof application and other factors. For example, the proxy may choose topre-send the low bandwidth components of many pages while holding backthe bandwidth intensive components such as images and/or video until theuser actually navigates to the page. Thus, facts navigation may beachieved without high bandwidth. In other circumstances the proxy maychoose to pre-load large, slow images it knows will be used (e.g. a logoimage appearing on all pages) ahead of the text content of the manypages. These strategies may be defined in the system and/or determinedfrom performance data that is gathered.

Where elements are held back the sending of the missing elements may betriggered by the proxy when it is notified that the client is navigatingto that page and/or the client may explicitly request the proxy tosend/resend the missing elements by requesting a specific resourcereference.

The elements that are sent to the client may be retained in the workingmemory and in certain instances they may be volatile so they may only beavailable for the current session or until there is some form of reset(program closes, the device is reset etc). Alternatively the device mayhave persistent storage (flash memory, disk drive etc.) and the elementsmay be retained for a longer period. Elements will often be sent to theclient in a compressed format and will need to be uncompressed beforethey can be used. Depending on the performance capabilities and/orstorage capacity of the client device different strategies may bedeployed for the retention/compression and/or storage of elements. Fordevices with slow processors uncompressing of elements may be minimizedto the point that elements may be sent over the network uncompressed.For devices with fast processors but limited memory elements may be sentand/or stored in a compressed format. The client may have a defaultstrategies for the retention and/or compression of elements but thesemay be altered through instruction sent by the proxy and/or determinedby the client. The strategy may be manually configured based on devicetype, tuned automatically or combinations thereof based on performancedata collected by the client and/or analyzed by the proxy.

For some devices and elements the same element may be stored in a numberof places and/or states. For example, frequently used elements may bestored in long term memory in a compressed format, stored in workingmemory in compressed format a subset (for a number of recently usedelements) stored in memory in uncompressed format and/or combinationsthereof.

As elements are received by the client over the network the clienttypically determines where to place copies of the element and/or actionsthat should be taken. An element may need to be written into workingstorage, into long term storage or may be an element in the currentdisplayed page so may trigger the update of the display.

Although, each page in this embodiment represents a single state, inexemplary embodiments, a plurality of pages may be used to representstates or a plurality of states can be defined based on a single page.

As the cache contents increase it becomes more likely that a particularuser selection will be satisfied locally by the mobile device retrievingthe page update or new page from cache, and not requiring transmissionof the user selection to the proxy server, and the return of new pagesfrom the proxy server. Of course, in exemplary embodiments, use of the“back” browsing function may always be satisfied from local cache.

In an exemplary operation, the client device navigates through a seriesof states. A state is defined in terms of a combination of otherelements that can be transmitted independently to the client and thatcan be re-used in multiple states. In exemplary embodiment, a stateconsists of at least a page impression (the display on the screenassociated sound etc) plus a set of keystroke mappings that tell theclient how to move to another state when keys are pressed. A pageimpression may be defined in smaller areas of the screen calledimpressions. These impressions may abut each other or may overlay eachother in layers. An impression may be defined in terms of otherimpressions, a combination of artifacts and changes to the impressions.The changes may be instructions to added, delete or replace artifacts.Artifacts are any images, graphic elements, sounds, video etc that areused to communicate to the user via the client. Artifacts may also besmall pieces of code that may be executed on the client to rendercertain images or deliver certain effects.

When the proxy server is not uploading new generations of states it mayupload artifacts and impressions as library data that contains stateelements, such as new fonts, images or other material that is expectedto be useful at some point in the future.

Using this functionality described herein, an exemplary system may beable to support a wide range of different applications such as, forexample, email, searching, navigation; streaming information; viralmarketing; interactive TV; chat and meeting applications; entertainmentguides; and/or secure transactions, etc.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary server in accordance withexemplary embodiments disclosed herein. As discussed above, the servercan be implemented in hardware or software. Generally, the servercomprises five general modules: an anticipator (1), an executor (2), arenderer (3), a transmitter (4), and an initiator/terminator (5).

The anticipator may be configured to respond to client state requestsand anticipate future state requests. When the client device (i.e., theuser device) first makes contact with the server and is validated by anauthentication means, the anticipator causes to be generated and thencommences transmission of a page instance—which, in exemplaryembodiments, may comprise a page impression (which itself may comprisemultiple layers) and a state transmission table. The anticipator then,according to internally defined rules and the current state, determinesthe order of transmission of data from the proxy server to the client.The current state is defined by the last requested state requested bythe client. Using this as a guide, the anticipator determines whichstates (or page instances) ought to be sent to the client—starting withthe current state and then any states that can, through the mechanism ofthe state transition table, be accessed from the current state. Atypical algorithm for determining the transmission priority will be totransmit in order, those states that can be directly accessed from thecurrent state, followed by each state that can be accessed from each ofthose states, followed in turn by further states that can be accessed.The anticipator may optionally apply additional rules to further rankstates, (e.g., rules designed to predict the more likely user input oractions and rank those states higher for transmission). The anticipatormay also only partially send a given state's page impression so thatmore partial impressions can be sent than could be sent if fullimpression are sent. The remainder of any impression might then be sentat a lower priority rank.

The executor is initiated by the anticipator and generates new statesand state transition tables or keymap tables. The executor defines theset of page impressions that are the basis for transmitting the page tothe client, taking as an input a specified page instance and theapplication page description. The executor generates as an output, a setof instructions that will result in an impression of a state beingrendered on the client device. The source application page and a currentstate are generally provided as inputs to the executor. When requestedto do so by the anticipator, the executor interprets an applicationsource page to determine the possible alternative states that mightarise from the current state as a result of user input or other stimuli.Taking as an example an application page that represents a largedocument through which the user can navigate both horizontally andvertically, and given as a starting point, the top left of thatdocument, the executor may determine that the possible alternativestates arising from the current state are two—one being the currentstate, but displaced downwards, and the other, the current state butdisplaced to the right. The amount of the displacement in each directionbeing determined by the application (the scrolling increment). As aresult of the executor function, a state transition table may begenerated as part of the current state, and the two new states may bewritten to the state map.

The executor requests the renderer to determines the layout of the pagetaking into account the properties of the client device such as thedisplay area and image quality. The layout may be defined in theresponse from the application or server, for example in the form of amarkup language. Alternatively the renderer may perform a mashup ofdata, markup, CSS and templates from a number of sources. For example,it may apply style sheets, execute code in the form of Java, Javascriptor the like, or execute server side include code such as PHP.

The renderer determines whether any elements in the markup language ortemplate are not supported by the system or client device and can omitany unsupported elements as it determines the layout.

The renderer places elements relative to each other on the page suchthat it logically or literally determines the effective X and Y offsetand size of every element in the display.

In certain embodiments, the renderer can break down the page into a setof components that may can be recombined to render the page. Text may berendered as normal Ascii or Unicode complete with font instruction butmay also be expressed as a series of glyph images or by other acceptablemeans which can be combined on the client device to draw the text. Thisallows the transmission of text with sizing and/or presentation (such ascharacter size, spacing etc) completely controlled by the proxy. It alsoallows the display of languages, characters and/or fonts that are notnatively supported by the client.

In certain embodiments, using a series of glyphs to render text theclient device may not need to be aware of rules for the presentation orlayout of different languages as text layout and character rendering maydetermined on the proxy and/or sent as a series of glyphs. Whilst thereis usually one glyph per character (e.g. Ascii or Unicode values),multiple characters may be implemented by a single glyph or individuallycharacters may be implemented using multiple glyphs. The positioning ofglyphs may be communicated in a variety of formats. Each glyph may besent with specific screen coordinates or relative coordinates.Coordinates may be relative to the start of a segment and/or relative toother glyphs. The system for relative positioning may be communicatedfor a series of glyphs and/or different systems may be used for verticaland horizontal positioning. In certain schema Glyphs may be assumed toline up following each other with positive or negative offsets so theirposition is relative to the previous glyph. Under such a scheme someglyphs can be identified so that the next glyph ignore it's placementand is positioned relative to the preceding glyph.

In some languages and fonts the same character (Ascii or Unicode value)may be rendered as a different visual representation of the character(i.e. a different shape) depending on context, position in the word,etc. In Latin languages, a lowercase ‘L’ may be drawn narrower when itis part of a double L. In other languages the shape of the character canbe very different, as different as ‘a’ versus ‘e’ in Latin. As the rulesfor determining which version should be used, text may be sent to theclient based on a unique id for the character (eg. Unicode character)but also with sufficient details to determine which of the possibleshapes should be used.

The executor uses this layout to determines how the page will be dividedinto states (page impressions) and determines which elements fall whollywithin or partially overlap each page impression. An impression maydefine the complete output to a client screen or it may just define asegment of the screen. A page impression is associated with a specificstate where a state includes details such as key maps. Sectionimpressions describe only a subset of the client screen and are notdirectly related to states. Any impression can be built up from a numberof other impressions so that a state impression can sit at the top of ahierarchy of impressions. Any impression may be part of the definitionof any number of pages.

An impression can be defined in terms of other impressions, changes tothose impressions, a set of artifacts, data and executable script.Impressions are transmitted to the client device from the server as acombination of these components. In an exemplary embodiment animpression may be defined as a simple string of artifacts with somecontrol characters and special positioning instructions. In a verysimple example, an impression may just display a name (e.g. PETER)followed by a space and a telephone number. This may start with the X,Ycoordinates of where to place the first letter relative to the top rightcorner of the impression. This is followed by the unique identifier foran artifact for an image that displays the letter P. This is thenfollowed by artifacts that contain images for the letters E,T,E,R. Thespace between the name and the phone number may be displayed withrepeating empty images that would render just space followed by anartifact for the first digit of the phone number and then the remainingdigits. In other scenarios the X,Y coordinate of the first digit may besent. Impressions definitions may be more complex, they typically wouldspan multiple lines and special linefeed and tabs instructions may beincluded.

In certain embodiments impressions can comprises a number of layers, andeach layer is associated with a single set of data and an element ofscript. Impressions can also be individual layers used by otherimpressions.

Artifacts are elements that are used to generate output on the clientdevice. If the output is by means of a graphical screen, the artifactscan be graphical images or video that can be rendered on that screen. Ifthe output means include a speaker, the artifact cache can also storesound. Artifacts can be small code segments and some data that can beexecuted by the client. For example, a code artifact could containinstructions to the client on how to draw a specific share such as anoval together with the data describing the dimensions of the ovalincluding line width, fill color etc.

As necessary, the renderer may cause artifacts to be written to theartifact cache, for transmission to the client. The renderer maydescribe the impression in terms of a set of data that will be actedupon by executable code segments (e.g., code segments executed on theclient) and a set of artifacts that will also be rendered by the codesegments on the client.

In certain embodiments, some pages (e.g. private emails) may be uniqueto each individual user and therefore to individual client devices andcan be defined largely in terms of the artifacts that are already onthat client and/or in terms of references that are specific to thatclient (e.g. unique IDs or memory references). Other pages (e.g. newsarticles) may identically when seen by many users. For performance andother reasons it may be desirable to determine the presentation and/orrendering of the page once but transmit it to each client in terms ofthe artifacts pre-loaded on the client, client specific memoryreferences, etc. The page may be rendered and/or expressed once in termsof system generic artifacts and given a completely different reference.For example, an image may form part of a client specific page and isgiven a reference X when sent to the client. The identical image mayappear on a shared page and when this is rendered for a different user,it is given a reference Y. When that shared page is subsequently sent tothe first user the reference Y typically is mapped to the object know tothe client as X or the artifact must be resent at item Y withduplication on the client and additional bandwidth usage.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments there may be a process totranslating the system references to client specific references beforetransmission to the client. Another approach may involve sending a settranslation rules or associations to the client so that it can convertthe system references (Y) to the client specific reference into itsartifact pool (X). To minimize the translation of references someartifacts that are might form part of the makeup of shared pages may bepre-allocated references and/or pre-loaded onto the client. For someartifact types references could be generated to be unique across theclients. However, for some artifacts this may generate some very longreferences which then need to be transmitted across the network.

Many impressions derived from totally different pages may actually besimilar or have significant sections that are similar. In particular,when they are from the same site or application. For example, every pagemay have the same header and footer and any impressions that show theheader or footer may be the same in which case the page impression ofthe new state can use the existing impression to define part of the newscreen. Other impression may be similar, but not identical to anexisting impression. In which case the most efficient way oftransmitting a new impression may be to express that impression as thedelta between itself and the existing impression, assuming that it hasalready been transmitted. Certain embodiments can optimize the breakupof a page impression into component impressions so as to increase theprobability of generating duplicate impressions. Other embodiments canoptimize the efficiency for identifying duplicate or similarimpressions.

For instance, if the client device is in a certain state and content isdisplayed in client window (63), as shown in FIG. 5, the top bar my be afixed area with menu buttons (61) that do not scroll with the contentand a main content area (62) which is showing an area of text throughwhich the user may scroll (62). At the bottom of the scrollable textwhich is a static footer which is the same on a number of pages. On theright is a scroll bar showing the users progress through the scrollabletext. The renderer may break this page into a number of impressionswhich in combination are used to express the state impression (69). Thefixed impression (64) and the static impression (67) and the scroll barimpression (69) are likely to have been defined for other states and maynot need to be resent to the client. Similarly the non-staticimpressions (65,66) may have been used to define the state when the userwas scrolled higher in the document. The state impression (69) may beexpressed in terms of the other impressions (64-68) and no new contentis sent to the device.

If the page is an updated version of a page that has already been sentto the client then the renderer will first look at the impressions ofthe older version as a starting point to base the new definition.

If the screen content in FIG. 5 should change over time as shown in FIG.6 this is a new state with a new page impression. The renderer caneasily determine that only one of the impressions that composed the oldpage impression (69) has changed, in this example the changes (70) arethe addition of an item to the list and an update of the displayed time.The renderer may define a new impression (71) in terms of all theartifacts that appear on the impression, or alternatively in terms ofthe previous impression (66) with the insertion of some extra textcharacters and the replacement of the old time with the new time. Thenew page impression may be defined in terms of impressions64,65,67,68,71 or in terms of the old page impression (69) withoutimpression 66 but the addition of impression 71.

In certain embodiments the page impression may be defined in terms ofthe old page impression (70) with the new impression (71) in a higherlayer that sits on top of it.

Meta data, for example in the response from the server, within themarkup language, or in a layout template can provide details about thevariability of the content over time or between pages. Sections of thepage that do not normally change over time can be marked as ‘static’.Other areas are assumed to be dynamic and the information within themmay change when the page updates. Areas such as the header and footerare typically static for example. The server can also include in itsresponse instructions that the whole page may have changed and thatstatic areas should be assumed to have changed.

In certain embodiments, when the server or application is merging atemplate with a data source (e.g., an XML feed) to generate pages theelements template defined in the template could be assumed by default tobe static and the areas where variables are being substituted with datacould default to non-static.

The meta data can also define fixed areas of a page. There are sectionsof the page that do not scroll as the user navigates down a page. Thesemay be headers, footers etc. These areas will be the same for manystates built on the same page that are used as the user scrolls down thepage.

The executor may use information about fixed, static and non-staticareas of the page when determining the impressions for the page. Forexample one set of impressions may define the fixed areas, another setdescribe the static areas and a third set describe the non-static areas.Non-static areas that scroll on to multiple lines may define breakpointsbetween impressions. FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary process that couldbe applied in rendering a page and defining impressions.

The meta data describing the page can name sections of a page that areto be repeated across a number of pages without change. For example, thepage footer can be named. Whilst the full definition of that section maybe repeated in every response from the server or in every template, therenderer can use this information to quickly and confidently defineareas that will be separate impressions and to re-use those impressionswhen defining the makeup of other page impressions.

The method for management of the changing pages is indicated in FIGS. 9and 10. The page must frequently re-request pages to obtain moreup-to-date content. Frequently the page will have changed little butwhere changes have occurred the system can minimize the amount ofinformation that needs to be resent to the client to communicate thechanges. The pages may be assembled by the proxy server from a number ofsources, the first task of the system is to build the page from thelatest information (150) and this version of the page is written to thepage cache (151).

The system checks in the cache to determine if this is a brand new page,if it is it proceeds to define new states from the page (158).

If this is a new version, in certain embodiments, the system comparesthe old version of the page with the new version of the page todetermine whether anything has actually changed. If the markup of thepage distinguishes between static, fixed and non-static areas thecomparison may only compare non-static sections (155). If there are nospecial areas defined then the full definition of the page will becompared (154).

The comparison may be between the elements of a document object model orit may be a basic character by character comparison of the markuplanguage (155). Where fixed or static areas are defined the comparisonwill look at the non-static areas. In other embodiments each page couldbe reduced to a signature value using an algorithm or check sum and maybe used as one index into the page cache (151). The system may comparethe recent versions of the page as received from the server to determinewhat has changed within that page and anticipate whether many of theimpressions built upon the page can be used to define the new version ofthe page (154).

Where the page is larger than the screen size of the client device thesystem will determine the display units through which the page will bedisplayed on the device (158). Each unit of display is a page impressionand will relate to one on many states.

Meta data about the page elements, the markup of static and fixed areasand other techniques can be used to determines the expected scope of anychange on the page and the implication for its breakup into pageimpressions and states and the amount of change likely to each pageimpression (156). For example, a change to the style sheet, thebackground color or default font of the page will have a scopesuggesting the whole page, and therefore every page impression will havechanged, while a change to a small block of text may have a scope of theone page impressions on which it appears. Certain changes imply that allimpression to the right and below of that element will have changedbecause the change will have altered the absolute positioning of allother elements. Other changes can be very localized and only change avery small area of the screen. As an example, a stock price may havechanged by a small amount and only a few characters will have changed.

In certain embodiments the system may build a signature, checksum orsimilar that represents a page and compares the signature between twoversions of a page to quickly determine if the page is little changed orsignificantly changed. The signature definition would focus on thelayout of the page rather than the detailed content within the page inorder to determine if items have moved. As an example, the signature maybe based on the number of elements in the page and the X,Y offset of theelements.

In certain embodiments the page impression may be converted intoimpressions and the definition of the impressions compared to determineif they are the same or similar. A page impression may be represented bya number of impressions, some are changed others are unchanged. Thesystem can send the new impressions for the page but simply referencethe old impressions.

In certain embodiment the executor enables the definition of fixed orstatic sections of a page to be identified within the markup language orresponse from the server. Impressions that are based exclusively, orprimarily upon these sections of a page are more likely to be duplicatesof impressions already sent to the client.

In certain embodiments the insertion, removal or resizing of elements ina page may have displaced sections of a page so that they moved up ordown the page but are otherwise unchanged. For example, the footer of apage may have moved up or down. In these cases, the new impression of apage can be determined to be an offset of one or more old impression ofa page. The new page impression can be defined in terms of two old pageimpressions spliced together plus an offset where at which point thecombined joined image is cropped.

With reference to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, theexecutor may use the information about the changes to the page and areasof the page defined to be static to determine optimum breakpointsbetween impressions (170).

If the page being processed is a new version of an existing page theexecutor will first check whether the impressions for this version havechanged since the earlier version (171). If they have not changed, thepage impression will reference the old impression, if they have changedthe executor will determine whether to define the new impression as itterm of changes to the old impression, overlay it with a layer or definea new impression (172).

The executor searches the State cache (173) to identify candidateimpressions that can be used as the starting point for expressing thenew impression in terms of differences (174).

The executor first determines whether to expend effort searching for aduplicate or sufficiently similar impression to use. For example, it maynot do so if the current impression definition is already very small andtherefore is already easy to transmit or if very few impressions for theapplication have already yet been generated and transmitted to theclient.

The executor only looks for similar impressions among those that havealready been sent to the client because it does not control the order inwhich they are sent and the new impression may actually be sent first.

In certain embodiments the executor will implement an appropriate accessmethod to quickly identify duplicate or similar impressions within thedatabase of impressions. For example, the system can reduces eachimpression into a distinctive signature which can be indexed or hashedto aid searching and may be used as part of a quick evaluation whencomparing impressions. The signature is designed to firstly identify anyidentical impressions or to identify the impressions with a highestcommonality.

A simple checksum approach can be used to find identical impressions.Other methods can be used to identifying similar but non-identicalimpressions and the system may apply different strategies for differentsites or applications. The strategies can use a combination of the URI(or sections thereof), the number of components, and various attributesof the components that appear in the impression including their X,Ycoordinates, offset from the bottom of the page, the type, and/or size.

When comparing two impressions the executor determines whether it ismore efficient to send a new impression rather than sending thedifferences between the two impressions. This evaluation will depend onthe format, complexity and size of the instructions that would need tobe sent to the client to express the differences. The algorithm used tofind similar impressions and to compare them should reflect this. It iseasier to define and send changes when all element are in the samelocation on the screen and remain the same size. The definition of oneelement can simply be replaced by a new definition and the rest of theimpression definition is unchanged. Similarly, offsetting an impressionto move all elements the same distance in the same direction may besimple to define. In contrast moving elements relative to each otheraround the screen may require a verbose definition and not deliverbandwidth saving.

In an exemplary embodiment of the search used, an algorithm can build anindex of every element in the order of their X,Y offsets within theimpression. The search algorithm could accesses the index to find theimpressions with the most elements in the same position and use these asthe first candidates for evaluation as a suitable starting point todefine the new impression.

For each impression that is evaluated. The algorithm will compare theexact contents of the impression. The comparison may be linear from thestart to the end, may run from the end to the start or may start bycomparing a specific area, for example skipping over areas that aredefined as static and focusing initially on comparing known dynamicareas.

At any point in the search the search may finish when an impression thatis ‘good enough’ is found or when the system determines that it isunlikely to find an impression with sufficiently similarity such thatthe definition of the delta would represent a significant savings ofbandwidth.

For the best scoring impression the system then determines the exactdifferences between the two impressions, and builds a definition of theimpression complete with reference to the old impressions andinstruction to the client on how to apply the differences (175). Thisnew impression is added to the State Cache (173).

In an exemplary embodiment when an existing impression is selected asthe basis for defining differences for a new impression it will bemarked to ensure it is not removed from the client's cache before thenew impression is transmitted. When the new impression is transmitted, acopy of the original impression may be taken on the client. The originalimpression may be marked that it can be deleted when no longer required.It is possible for the new impression to be deleted before it is sent,in which case the original impression is again released to be deleted.

The executor can maintain statistics by site, application etc on thefrequency with which duplicate impressions are found between differentpages or between different versions of the same page. The system may usethese statistics to determine whether to search for duplicateimpressions or just build a new impression immediately. The algorithm todetermine this may take into account various factors, including forexample the frequency with which duplicates are found, the system loadat that point in time, the number of impressions already uploaded to theclient, the number of elements on the impression, and/or the priority toconserve different resources such as bandwidth.

The impression may be stored in the page cache (173) on the server intwo formats. One is the definition of the impression that is sent to theclient as the required instruction to draw it. The second is a puredefinition of the appearance of the impression if it were drawn fromscratch and without reference to another impression. The latter may beused to compare two impressions by the executor to determine if they arethe same or similar.

In certain embodiments the page may contain a marker which the clientwill replace with a common piece of data supported by the client andwhich is substituted when the page is displayed. Examples of such valuesare the date, time, user's name, and/or location. Impressions that wouldotherwise have been different would now be the same.

In certain embodiments an impression may be defined for an area that theuser can zoom into or an area where output from another applicationrunning on the client may appears in the page.

Some client devices can resize their screen sizes. For example bychanging the display from portrait to landscape. States are typicallycreated against a specific screen size. If the screen is resized on theclient then a series of new states are generated for the new screen sizeand each new state will have a new page impression defined. The systemmay define the new page impressions in terms of the existingimpressions.

The transmitter may be a continuously operating process that causes datagenerated that has been requested by the anticipator, to be transmittedto the client. The transmitter regulates and initiates the operation ofthe anticipator, to generate data as required to send the client.

The server may, in exemplary embodiments, also contain six major cachesand/or databases: the page instance or state cache (6), the artifactcache (7), the page cache (8), the device cache (9), user/applicationcache (11) and the Activity History cache (14).

The page instance or state map stores page state information and sharesits indexing system with the client. The state cache has entries forevery page instance or state that has been generated by the proxy servereither as a result of a client request or as a result of the operationof the anticipator. The state map entries may comprise a URL (whichrefers to some application source page), some state information (whichdefines some state of that application page—for example the currentscroll position), the state transition table which maps inputs (e.g.,keystrokes, etc.) to other states and a progress value that records whatportion of the page has been transmitted to the client device.

The artifact cache is a storage means that records and indexes eachartifact necessary to render the page impression. The artifact cache ispopulated by the executor as it generates each page impression and isread by the anticipator as it prioritizes and mediates transmission ofthe data from the server to the client (e.g., the user device).

The page cache is a storage means that records the source applicationpages. The page cache may be read and interpreted by the executor togenerate states and key maps (or state transition maps), and by theexecutor as page impressions and impressions are generated. The pagecache may operate in a read through mode. For example, if a read isattempted for a particular page that is currently not in the cache, thepage may be automatically read from the applications, cached and passedthrough to the requester.

This device database is a memory that stores metrics about clientdevices. These metrics determine such factors as the input and outputcapabilities of the device which in turn affect how the anticipator,renderer and executor perform their functions.

During operation, the client device may contact the server to initiate asession. An authentication means may exist to restrict and allowcommunication between the client and the proxy server. The server mayidentify the user using identification of the client, through a loginprocess or other means.

Once the client is identified, metrics may be retrieved from the devicedatabase to determine the input and output capabilities of the device.Details obtained may include the display size and its properties,keyboard details, scroll wheel, cursor, speakers, Bluetooth, infraredetc.

In exemplary embodiments, the client initiates a request to the server(10) to execute an application or to open a web page. The request isreceived by the transmitter (4) and passed to the initiator/terminator(5). The initiator/terminator checks in a database (11) to determine ifthere is specific data for the user relating for the application. Thismay be cookie data, settings, the user's home page etc or data storedrelating to an earlier session. This data may be included in therequests sent to a remote server, passed as parameters into theapplication or retained for later use within the application. For someapplications the application may be re-opened in the state when the userlast left it or using the web page last viewed.

The initiator/terminator may start an application (12) on the serverwhich may be stored on the server or downloaded from another server.Alternatively it may instruct the proxy (13) to contact a remote serverwhere the application is run or to a web server request web pages. Allpages are written to the Page Cache (8).

With reference to FIG. 4 (which is a schematic diagram of an exemplaryconversion from a page to a state in accordance with exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure), the Executor (2) takes the firstpage from the Page Cache (8) and graphically renders the page (e.g., theflower with associated text). It then determines the initial area of thefirst page impression (e.g., the top portion of the page) that can bedisplayed on the client device and this is established in the statecache (6) as state 0. The image of the flower in the artifact cache.

Content downloaded from the server by the proxy will have an effectivelifetime before it expires and needs to be refreshed. States that weredeveloped from the page may already be pre-loaded on the client so whenthe page expires the states associated with it also expire. The systemmanages the aging of the cached states.

The proxy reviews the age of pages that are already downloaded andidentified pages that are considered out of date and that are candidatesto be refreshed. It marks these pages as expired and sets a priority forrefreshing the page based on rules in the system. The pages are notautomatically downloaded as they may no longer be priority pages. Theanticipator, while identifying pages that should be pre-cached in theclient determines which expired pages need to be refreshed. If itdetermines the pages need refreshing the proxy to re-request the pagesin the normal way that it requests new pages.

The anticipator applies rules to determine whether the impressionsalready loaded on the client can still be displayed or the client shouldwait until refreshed impressions have been sent. Rules may be specifiedfor the site and include various factors including how out of date thepage is.

If none of the states associated with a page have been transmitted tothe client then the expired page is immediately discarded. A new versionmay be requested if required. If states associated with the page havebeen transmitted the system will decide whether to proceed with thecurrent page or request a new page.

Normally the old version of the page and its associated states arediscarded. New version will be displayed. However, if the user hasstarted to view states based on the expired version of the page it maystill be appropriate for them to continue to view that version. Forexample, if the user is navigating within a page or has navigated backto a page then the user would usually see the current version of thepage.

When the user navigates to a new the system may verify that the cachedversion has not expired or whether it should be reloaded.

All pages in the system are given an expiry time based on configurationand rules in the proxy and any ‘time to live’ (TTL), ‘last change time’etc. information supplied in the response from the server. States arethen identified with a sensitive to aging. Whenever the proxy isnotified that the client has navigated to a new state it checks rulesfor the aging of the state as indicated in FIG. 7. If the navigationbetween states represents the movement within a page (110) then thesystem does not need to check whether the page has been updated. Theclient will show all states based on a page using the same version ofthe page. If the user has explicitly requested a refresh of the pagethen it will be treated as a new page. If the navigation is between twostates build on the same page then the system needs to check that thecurrent version of the state is correct for the version of the page(111) being displayed. If it is not it will wait for the latest versionfrom the server before it updates the display. This scenario should beinfrequent because the viewing a state based on the new version of thepage would be a trigger to the anticipator to generate and thetransmitter to start uploading all the new versions of all states basedon that version of the page. If the state does represent the start of anew page the client will first check whether this page has beensuperseded by a newer version of the page (112). When any page isupdated the keymaps from other pages/states that navigate to the pageare not always updated immediately. In case the navigation to the statehas been via out-of-date key mappings from other pages, each version ofthe page can be marked as superseded at the point the new states aregenerated and uploaded.

In certain embodiments, when an application is executing certain actionstaken may change the context for other impressions and make theircontent invalid. For example, an application may display the weather ofdifferent cities. If the user changes the current cities all impressionsdisplaying the first city and now invalid. This may be handled bygenerating a set of new impressions and updating all keymaps to point tothe new impressions. However, in some circumstances this may not befeasible or desirable. Instead pages may be linked to one or manycontexts. If the context changes or becomes invalid then the pages maybecome invalid or expired. The client can be told that when a contextbecomes invalid then pages associated with it may be either fullyrefreshed from the server before being displayed and/or the cachedversion can be displayed but the client will typically notify the proxyand determine if a new version needs to be sent. The proxy can use theassociation between pages and context to determine when new versions ofpre-loaded pages need to be sent. The association of pages to contextcan be defined within the markup language used to define pages or may beexpressed as a rule to match against the URL of pages. Simple rules canbe included to indicate when a certain context is invalid, for examplewhen certain keymap options are selected and/or certain values areentered. Contexts may be interdependent and will often have ahierarchical structure. One context may be linked to another contextsuch that if the latter context becomes invalid the first context isalso made invalid.

The system checks whether the page has been shown before (113) and if ithas, whether the user has navigated forward to the page (e.g. byselecting a link) or backwards to the page (e.g. by pressing the backkey) (114). If the navigation was backwards, the old version willusually be displayed. The system may be configured that for someapplications backward navigation is the same as forward navigation.

If the navigation is forward then the client evaluates the rules forverifying whether the underlying page has been updated (115). Each statemay be configured to behave in at least one of 4 ways. As examples, 4 ofthe ways are: i) The page may be ‘Assumed’ to be up-to-date (116). Thecurrent state is assumed to be up-to-date with the page i.e. the pagewill not have changed since the state was generated. This is the defaultfor most pages. The current state is displayed without checking with theserver. ii) The page is ‘Optimistically’ assumed to not have change(117). The current state is displayed but the client checks with theserver that the page is still current. If the current version is foundto be out-of-date then the new version is uploaded. It may beimmediately displayed or the user notified that a update is available.iii) The screen may be ‘Infilled’ with any sections of the screen thatare not expected to have changed while the client checks with the serverwhether the page has changed and receives the updates. The sections thatcan be shown immediately are the fixed impressions and parts of thescreen marked as static. iv) The client is ‘Pessimistic’ (119) and waitsfor an update from the server before it updates the display. It checkswith the server whether the current version of the state is up-to-dateand receives a new version if it has changed.

The system supports different versions of the same page as it changesover time. Depending on the rules defined for in the system, states onthe new version of a page are considered to be different states to thosecreated of the old version of the page. By default all forwardnavigation to the states will display the latest version which backwardnavigation will display the older version (i.e. the original state thatwas displayed). Once the new state based on the new version is displayedthe old version will be disposed and all navigation (forward and back)will be to the latest version. Some keymaps in the browser may point tothe old state of the page. A mapping is established that points allreferences to the old version of the state to the new version of thestate. Typically it will be to an impression of the top left hand cornerof the new version of the page, however, it some circumstances the statemost closely mapping to the original segment of the page in the originalstate will be displayed.

Depending on the defined rules a full history of the versions of a pagemay be retained up to any number of versions. Then backward navigationwill go to states of the original versions.

Once a user has started has viewed the first state of a page, allnavigation between states that are based on the same page will always bebetween states based on the same version of the page.

For different servers or applications the proxy can be configured withrules on how it can use the pages or data returned. One rule may definewhether the results returned can be shared with all users or arenon-shared, i.e. private to the current user. A page may be ‘global’where it can be shared by all users or ‘user’ scoped where the contentis specific to individual users. The classification may be defined atsite or application level or determined based on factors such as whethera user specific cookie was supplied in the request to the server.

The server or application, as part of its response can associate a pagewith one or more topics. At any point the server can communicate thatthe topic has changed and all pages associated with that topic haveexpired and should be re-fetched before they are displayed to the user.Actions defined within pages may also be associated with an action andwhen the user undertakes that action the proxy will recognize that thetopic has expired. As an example, in an email application, a topic maybe defined representing the inbox. When the server receives a new emailit can notify the proxy that the inbox topic has expired. Any pages thatshow a part of the inbox will all then expire and the server will knowto re-request pages. Another topic could represent the Outbox. When theuser sends a new email the proxy can determine that Outbox topic hasexpired based on the action of send without notification from the serveror application.

In certain embodiments all pages are by default associated with a mastertopic representing the application. At any point the application as atopic can be expired and all pages associated with the application willbe flushed from all caches thus forcing a full reset for all users. Thismay be used, for example, when the application has an upgrade andnormally static areas of a page are modified.

On traditional website there is one request to the server for each pageon the website. Subsequent requests to the server retrieve componentsthat appear on the page such as images. On a mobile phone the size of aweb page is usually much smaller and so the content delivered in eachpage request is less and the server is hit with a lot more smallrequests. For servers delivering dynamic content there is usually abasic overhead in every request to set up the environment etc. Manysmall requests for dynamic content can result in disproportionateincrease in the load on the server. When the application system ispre-caching pages there can be a surge of many small requests for linkedpages that are being pre-loading. It would be more efficient if manypages could be delivered in a single request.

The request from the proxy to the server may request a package of pagesin the response. The package could bundle a number of elements, forexample it might include multiple pages as they would appear to a user.The package could contain the first page, followed by the set of pagesthat can be hypertext linked thereto. A package will typically containrelated pages that are not dependant on significant data entry by theusers, They would typically be the set of possible responses from a setof discrete options that are presented to the user. For example, all thepages that are hypertext linked from a base page.

The requested package can be returned in a number of responses. Thefirst response may contain all the pages or it may contain just thefirst pages plus instructions on how to obtain the subsequent pageswhich the server may have generated but not transmitted.

The proxy receiving the package responses may break out the pages andprocess them separately. It may then determines whether, when and inwhat sequence to deliver each component of the package to the clientsdevice as impressions, artifacts etc.

The proxy may instruct the server the appropriate size of the responsesit should to build depending on the desired response time. The firstpacket may be smaller than subsequent packets if it is requiredimmediately.

The proxy may adjust its pre-caching requirements for each server tohelp manage the load on the server.

The anticipator when identifying pages to pre-fetch can determine apriority for the request based on a number of factors including whetherthe user is waiting for the page, the probability the user will navigateto the page, the expected response time of the server and policiesdefined by the operators of the server (either pre-defined or activelyspecified in the response of the server).

The proxy may indicate to the server a priority with which to processthe request. For example, the server may include in its response anindication of its state, such as whether it has the capacity to handlethe pre-caching requests, or whether they should be throttled back.

Where the server delivers multiple pages to the proxy in one fetch, theexecutor can process the multiple pages together and identify commoncontent that can be defined in impressions that can readily be reused intransmitting the content to the client.

The executor (2) determines how it can render the remainder of the firstpage on the client device as a series of impression. Typically theexecutor may break the page into a set of adjacent impressions that may,or may not overlap. Alternatively impressions may represent a zoom intothe initial low resolution image. Each new impression identified isestablished in the state cache (6) as a new state.

The executor (2) determines what active elements are within eachimpression. These may be buttons, hypertext links, dropdown lists,enterable fields etc. For each active element the executor (2)determines how the user can navigate to them using the inputcapabilities of the device. There are a number of ways this can beimplemented. Navigating down may jump a cursor from active element toactive element. Alternatively the server can build a new state which theuser can enter using a specific ‘hot key’. In this new state whichvisually links each active element with a keypad number and duplicatesthis in the keypad to state mapping defining that state so that anelement is selected or activated when the key is pressed. For example,an impression containing five hypertext links may be established asstate 8. In this state the links cannot be selected. However, a hot key,say key 0, is setup to take the device to state 9. The definition ofstate 9 can draw a small menu over the impression of state 8 linking the5 links (each given a number from 1 to 5). The definition of state 9links the keys 1-5 to new states 10-14. Each of the states 10 to 14 maycontain the content at the end of the corresponding hypertext links.

The executor (2) accepts elements within the markup languages that allowthe page designer to control the mapping of active elements to specifickeypad keys. For example, each hypertext link may be pre-assigned anumber through the markup language and when that key on the keypad ispressed the hypertext link may be followed. As the page is originallyrendered the appropriate numbers can be built into the display.

The executor (2) may determine how the screen may look when any actionis taken by the user. For example, if a user action would open adropdown list, the server might extract the list of allowed options anddetermine how to render the list (which is established as a new state).

The executor (2) may then attempt to build the state transition tablewhich encapsulates the navigation and logic of the application. Inparticular, the executor (2) may determine how each input on the clientdevice (e.g., each keypad button) will move the device to one of the newstates. For example, whether moving down with a scroll wheel will move acursor to a new active element on the initial impression or to page downto the impression immediately below. Each such association is recordedas a mapping of an input or keystroke to a new state in the statetransition table.

The executor (2) may also determine which states the user can navigateto directly from the impression, typically these are the impressionsimmediately to the right and below the impression but may be in anydirection. They may also be states associated with selecting an activeelement such as a hypertext link. The server builds the state transitionmapping for the state associating different keystrokes or navigationaction with other states. The mapping may support various inputsincluding, for example, scroll wheel movement, tapping on an areas ofscreen or a voice command. Not every key must be mapped. Not mapping akey effectively turns it off while in that state.

The server can establish new states to effect behavior on the server.For example, pressing the 2 key may simply make the character ‘a’ appearin an input field on the display while reassigning it so a second pushwill make a ‘b’ appear. This will affect a form of text input.

The server may recognize special extensions to markup languages thatallows the page designer to mark active elements that should not befollowed or activated by the server until explicitly selected by theuser. Some active elements within the page may never be followed by theserver. Extensions to the markup language can tell the server to ignorethe normal display option that a normal browser displays and to presentan alternative dialogue. For example, where there is a field for theuser to type into, an alternative dialogue could implement an ‘autoreduction’ from a discreet list of options that the server can obtainfrom another source.

In exemplary embodiments, the renderer (3) may take states from thestate cache (6) and break the image or impression into a set of smallimages or elements which it stores in the artifact cache (7). It maydetermine which images or elements are already stored in the artifactdatabase and re-use them whenever possible.

Additionally, for each state, the server may determine the differencebetween the new state and a proceeding state. The renderer (3) mayredefine the image or impression in terms of a previous state plus theoverlaying of components in the artifact cache. If a page is verydifferent from all other states it may be established as a base linestate.

As discussed above, the server contains an ‘anticipator’ (1) which usesa prediction algorithm to determine the next impression or state thatshould processed by the executor (2), renderer (3) or transmitter (4).It will typically prioritize the states that the user is most likelynavigate to from the current state on the client device.

The anticipator may constantly adjust priorities based on variousfactors including: the current state on the device, recent navigation,estimated time required to process a state, and latency experience tosend the data stream to the client device. As the user moves from onestate to another the anticipator may review the states that it hasplaced in the state cache and re-prioritize the order in which theyshould be processed or sent to the client device. The anticipator may beself throttling so as to stay a number of states ahead of the currentstate down any navigation path.

In exemplary embodiments, the transmitter (4) may control the deliveryof the data stream to the client (20). The transmitter works through thestate cache following the transmission priority that is set by theanticipator (1). The transmitter ensures that all the artifactsassociated with a state have been sent or are sent to the client device.The transmitter may combine many states and artifacts into one packet tomaximize transmission efficiency.

The executor may build a profile of the user's behavior over time in theActivity History cache (14), the data includes details about time of dayand the user's location when they perform certain actions. The systemmay periodically analyze the activity history cache and apply algorithmsto identify significant preferences and behavioral differences. Thepredictions may depend on any combination of the time, the user'slocation, the current bandwidth capability, recent activity by the user.In an exemplary embodiment the system may break the day into a number oftime periods, for example hourly periods and it may define a number ofgeographic areas where the user is seen more than 10% of the time withina 1 km radius. The system will then determine the most commonapplications or options within the application that the user mostfrequently uses. For example, they may regularly use a weatherapplication in the period 8 am-9 am in a suburban application which wemight assume is their home. They may use a calendar and a mailapplication most frequently through the day at a different locationwhich may be their office.

The anticipator may use this information to determine the order in whichapplications or content should be sent to the client. Thus theanticipator will give different priority to different content dependingon whether the user is at home, at the office, walking down the street.

For each user the activity cache will hold data about the user's use ofan application or site. Statistics may include the number of navigationlinks followed, the depth (in terms of pages or states) into the sitethe user penetrates, whether they scroll to the end of long articles,the speed with which they navigate through the site (keystroke speed),the proportion of pre-cached data that expired before it was used andany screens where they had to wait for content that was not pre-cached.This data can be used by the anticipators and transmitter to setpriorities and optimize the pre-caching.

The renderer may also change menus and options, pre-select defaultvalues for options and generally tailor the user experience based on thebehavior profile built up in the Activity History cache (14).

The transmitter may user data in the Activity History cache (14) todecide what it should drop from the client cache to free space.

The client (i.e., the user device) may, in exemplary embodiments, be asoftware program used to deliver application-like functionality to awireless mobile device. The application functionality can be a fullyfunctioning interactive application (e.g., a pocket calculator or a morecomplex example being an email client), or just a navigable document,such as a web page.

The client has access to a memory (e.g., a cache) which may benon-volatile i.e., data is not lost from the cache between runninginstances of the client. The client can write to and read from thememory. The memory may be divided into the sections of an artifactcache, a state cache and a code cache. Each cache may be structured andindex by means (e.g., an index number) that can be used to lookup anyelement in the cache when required.

The client has access to an input means (e.g., a keypad or touch screenon a mobile phone) and output means (e.g., the screen of a mobile phoneand a communication channel such as a GPRS channel or similar datachannel available on the mobile phone).

For each state stored in the state cache (including state zero), theremay exist either one or a multiple set of data elements (e.g., layers).Each layer may comprise a set of data, one element of which is an indexinto the code cache, another element of which is a state transitiontable and a final element may be operation data for a code interpreter.

The state transition table may comprise an indexed table where the indexis the set of possible inputs (e.g., key presses on a keyboard) ordevice generated events (e.g., timer expiration events) and the dataelements of which are indexes into a state store.

The code cache can store a multitude of indexed code segments that canbe executed by a code interpreter. The code interpreter can execute acode segment on demand and can be supplied with operational data (asstored in a layer) and provide an output means which will be written toas the code is executed. The code interpreter also has access to theinput means that it can read.

The artifact cache can store data elements that represent outputs thatcan be rendered on the output means.

The client functions by establishing a wireless data connection to aserver upon initialization. Data received from the data connection isinterpreted as data that should be stored in any of the three caches oras instructions to remove or modify data from any of the three caches.Simultaneously, from the non-volatile memory store, the client attemptsto fetch data relating to the initial state, which is referred to asstate zero.

If the cache for state zero is not empty, the client will then fetch thedata for the first layer in the state. Using the reference stored in thefirst layer data, the client fetches the code segment identified andloads the code segment into the code interpreter. The client alsofetches the operational data from that layer and provides that data tothe code interpreter.

The code interpreter then runs the loaded code that then operates on theloaded data, which may typically result in the code interpreter sendingto the output means, instructions and artifacts that are then renderedon the output means.

The code interpreter may continue to run indefinitely until selfterminated (i.e. by the code itself executing a terminate instruction)or until a new state is fetched from the state cache. The process may berepeated for each layer in the currently fetched state.

Simultaneously, the client may await inputs from the input means. Whenan input is received, the client fetches the state transition table forthe current state and attempts to look up the state as referenced by thereceived input. If the lookup is successful—i.e. a state transitiontable exists and it contains an entry for the received input, the clientmay then examine if an entry exists in the state cache for thereferenced state. If such an entry exists, the client may terminate allexecuting code segments, and fetch the new state from the cache andrepeat the above process.

If the cache does not contain such an entry, the existing code segmentsmay continue to run until an entry for the referenced state is receivedon the open data channel. In the interim, further input from the inputmeans may result in further output to the output means as controlled bythe code interpreter and the received input.

For each attempt to fetch a new state (as referenced by a statetransition table), the client sends a transmission on the open datachannel, indicating which state is being fetched. This state informationis subsequently received by the proxy and is interpreted by theanticipator function of the proxy.

Operation may continue in the above fashion indefinitely or until aninstruction is received from the proxy to terminate the session. At thattime, the open data channel may be closed and the client operationsuspended until either an internally generated event occurs (e.g., atimer expiry), or a connection request is initiated by the proxy, or auser input is received. When any of those occur, the data channel may beopened and the operation resumed from the current state (or an initialstate). During the suspended state, the content of the non-volatilememory may be retained along with the currently fetched state.

A page impression may be defined in terms of a number of impressionswhere some impressions are on different layers and may therefore overlaythe each other.

Layers are rendered in sequential order such that the effect of eachlayer is visually superimposed upon previously rendered layers. Notethat it is not necessary to literally render each layer in this way, asvarious programming techniques that are obvious to those skilled in theart can be used to optimize the rendering process to achieve the samenet effect.

One type of artifact that can be used to create impressions are scriptelements. These are stored in the artifact cache, along with the dataand other graphical elements and may be referenced to a different layerto the impression's layer.

The scripting engine built into the client executes the scriptassociated with each layer and uses as data input the data elementsassociated with the layer (transmitted from the server and stored in thecache), and the current state of the client device including (but notlimited to) the time of day, the status of various inputs, switches,light sensors, accelerometers and the keyboard input queue. Thus theappearance of any given state or impression may vary frommoment-to-moment depending on the input queue.

As an example of the above, consider an input text line as might appearon a chat program or as part of a search screen for a search engine. Inthis example, the user will rapidly type a series of keystrokes into theclient device with the expectation that those keystrokes will be readback to the user as a line of input text. Using the concepts describedin the points above, the visual feedback will be generated by loading anew page impression for each keystroke. However, since two successivepage impressions will vary by only a slight amount (the addition of asingle extra display letter) for each keystroke, the page impressionscan be more efficiently transmitted if the script associated with say,the top layer of the impression is able to read and process thekeystroke queue. According to this idea, each item in the keystrokequeue would be processed by the script if the subsequent pageimpressions (as would be selected by the keystroke) are not yetavailable in the device cache. The script would be arranged to displaythe graphic for each letter in the text area so as to appear as if thetext were being entered into a text buffer. This provides a more perfectinteraction with the user.

As an extension to the above idea, consider a text input box where theinput mechanism is a numeric keypad which is used for predictive textalpha-numeric input. According to this idea, the number keys (1 . . . 9)translate into words by matching the letters assigned to each of thenumbers (2=a, b or c, 3=d, e, f etc) against a ‘dictionary’ of allowedwords. As the user types successive number keys, the overall applicationmust translate these keystrokes into the corresponding letters but wherethere is no obvious one-to-one correspondence between the key pressedand the letter displayed. Typically this problem is solved by storing alarge dictionary of possible words against which a lookup function isperformed in real time.

According to the certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a pageimpression comprises of at least one layer and at least one scriptelement which is responsive to the keyboard input queue. The data forthe impression layer consists of a set of data, where each datum is avalue from 1 through n, where n is the ordinal number of the lastpossible character mapped to a possible numeric key. For example, if theletter ‘2’ is pressed, a value of 1, 2 or 3 is stored corresponding tothe letters a, b or c. The data for the layer specifies for eachpossible state of the key input queue, which of the possible lettersought be displayed. Note that is possible (indeed probable) thatsubsequent entered keystrokes will affect the choice of letter forpreceding ones. Assuming that only the keys 2 through 9 are used to mapeach of the possible keys, (8 possible keys) and that each key can takeone of 4 values (4 being the maximum number of letters assigned to anyone key), then every possible combination of these 8 keys for up to 4successive keystrokes, using 2 binary bits to represent each possiblekey, requires only 1024 bytes (8192 bits).

As each key is pressed and reported to the proxy server, a new set of1024 less 128 bytes (896 bytes) is transmitted to the device,representing the 4 next possible keystrokes branching out from thepressed key. In this manner, the client device achieves a degree ofshort term autonomy to account for network latency, while remaininginstantly responsive to the user input.

According to another aspect of the certain embodiments, the same scriptwill display dummy character place holders in place of actual letters inthe event that the number of keys pressed exceed the 4 character buffer(or some other value) which is represented by the available data.

Note that the data stored for each layer is also effectively stored inthe device cache. Accordingly, for each new state, any previous data setrepresenting, for example, 4 successive key strokes, with similarpre-cursor keys, is available for re-used by the client application.Therefore, in a very short time, a very complete dictionary of allpossible key strokes (and therefore all possible words) is accumulatedin the device cache such that further (or subsequent) text inputrequires very little data to be transferred from the server to theclient device.

In certain embodiments the server may use the approach outlined tosupply to the client a special module that contains a complete,programmed keymap or segment of code for entering any text in thespecific language of the user and specific to the keyboard and inputcharacteristics of the client device. The module assumes that the entryof a character is repetitive and circular. When a character is enteredthe glyph associated with the character is appended to the current lineof characters and the client returns to an input state awaiting the nextcharacter to be entered. The client may process a series of characterswithout communicating with the server. The client software has noin-built ability for text entry and has no understanding of charactersor languages but when the client device reaches a state where freeformat text is entered the module is uploaded and the client assumes theability to receive text entry in that language. For most languages thestandard A-Z, 1-9 characters will be the same. However, the device canbe easily extended to support special characters associated withdifferent languages, punctuation etc.

Certain applications may develop special modules to provide specificsupport for unusual characters used within that application, for examplethe entry of mathematical symbols.

In certain embodiments the client may invoke the native tools orcapabilities of the mobile device to enable the entry of text. Theentered text will not be seen as keystrokes by the client but will bereturned to the application as a block of text. In certain embodimentsthe block of text is sent to the server which interprets the charactersand generates a new state with the entered text on the screen. Incertain applications on some client devices in may be possible to pastea bock of text into an input field. The text will be sent to the serverand it will be processed in the same way as text entered using thedevice's native text entry capability.

The keymap or segment of text may be defined to support a specificlanguage on the specific device.

It should be noted that aspects of the present disclosure are entirelygeneral purpose in nature and can apply to any key to charactermappings, not just the letter to number mapping as described in theexample. Note also that the mechanism is entirely independent (as far asthe client device is concerned) of the language or even writing systememployed.

Although the inventions have been described with reference to particularexamples it should be appreciated that it may be performed in manydifferent ways. For instance, the inventions can be used forapplications where large documents are required to be uploaded to themobile device such as a map based location application where a map thatextends over many pages must be uploaded. In this case the first pagemay contain the area the user wishes to see first, or it may be a largescale map. After the first pages is sent then the surrounding pages, orpages that cover the same terrain in greater detail, may be sent as thenext generation of states and displayed as subsequent pages on the userdevice.

The exemplary approaches described may be carried out using any suitablecombinations of software, firmware and hardware and are not limited toany particular combinations of such. Computer program instructions forimplementing the exemplary approaches described herein may be embodiedon a tangible computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic disk or othermagnetic memory, an optical disk (e.g., DVD) or other optical memory,RAM, ROM, or any other suitable memory such as Flash memory, memorycards, etc.

In certain embodiments, a method of providing applications stylefunctionality to a user of a mobile radio terminal is disclosed,comprising the steps of: receiving a data stream transmission having aplurality of states, wherein each state is associated with outputinstructions and storage instructions, and wherein the plurality ofstates is configured such that moving through the states creates theappearance of executing an application on the mobile radio terminal;decoding the data stream transmission and caching each of the pluralityof states with the associated output instructions according to theassociated storage instructions; rendering a first state; responsive toan event on the mobile radio terminal, moving from the first state to asecond state by applying the output instructions associated with thesecond state; and communicating a change of state to a server. Incertain aspects, each of the plurality of states is an HTML web page,and wherein the plurality of states are linked via hypertext link. Incertain aspects, at least one of the plurality of states is a smallsection of an original screen page and at least one of the plurality ofstates is an adjacent area of the original screen page. In certainaspects, the mobile radio terminal is a cellular telephone. In certainaspects, the mobile radio terminal is a personal digital assistant. Incertain aspects, the server is a proxy server. In certain aspects, thedata stream transmission comprises user datagram protocol packets overan IP connection. In certain aspects, the data stream transmissioncomprises transfer control protocol packets over an IP connection.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: interpreting theexecution of an application such that the application can be expressedas a plurality of linked states through which a mobile radio terminalcan navigate to create the appearance of executing the application;encoding a first data stream having ones of the plurality of linkedstates, wherein each state is associated with output instructions andstorage instructions; transmitting the first data stream to at least onemobile radio terminal; and maintaining a record of the ones of theplurality of linked states that were transmitted to the at least onemobile radio terminal in the first data stream. In certain aspects, themethod may further comprise the steps of: receiving changes in state ofthe at least one mobile radio terminal; and anticipating future statechanges of the at least one mobile radio terminal to encode additionalones of the plurality of linked states into a second data stream. Incertain aspects, each of the plurality of states is an HTML web page,and wherein the plurality of states are linked via hypertext links. Incertain aspects, at least one of the plurality of states is a section ofan original screen page and at least one of the plurality of states isan adjacent area of the original screen page.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: providing a currentimpression having a first set of screen elements; building an index of aplurality of impressions, wherein each of the plurality of impressionsincludes a set of screen elements; selecting ones of the plurality ofimpressions that have a set of screen elements that are the most similarto the first set of screen elements of the current impression; comparingeach set of screen elements of the selected impressions with the firstset of screen elements to determine a best fit impression; generating adata transmission that comprises a set of differences between the bestfit impression and the current impression; and transmitting the datatransmission to a mobile radio terminal.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: storing a set ofcharacter images; providing the set of character images to a mobileradio terminal; generating a data transmission from a web page accordingto the set of character images such that the web page can bereconstructed from references to the set of character images;transmitting the data transmission to the mobile radio terminal.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: transmitting a firststate to the mobile radio terminal, wherein the first state includes astate transition table; determining an order of transmission of aplurality of states based on the state transition table of the firststate; transmitting a second state to the mobile radio terminalaccording to the order of transmission without receiving a request fromthe mobile radio terminal.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: determining a variabilityof each of a plurality of elements of a first screen in an application;identifying a first set of areas of the first screen that can berepeated across a plurality of other screens based on the variability ofthe plurality of elements of the first screen; transmitting datarepresenting the first screen to at least one mobile radio terminal; andtransmitting data representing the first set of areas of the firstscreen to at least one mobile radio terminal such that the at least onemobile radio terminal can reuse the first set of areas for otherscreens.

In certain embodiments, a method for managing changes to a screen overtime so that transmitting of changes to a mobile radio terminal isminimized, the method comprising the steps of: comparing a plurality ofversions of a page to determine whether portions of the page havechanged; comparing a plurality of defined non-static sections of thepage to determine if at least one of the non-static sections of the pagehas changed; selecting ones of the plurality of defined non-staticportions of the page that have changed; and transmitting the selectedones of the plurality of defined non-static portions of the page to atleast one mobile radio terminal.

In certain embodiments, a method for managing content in a cache fortransmission to a mobile radio terminal is disclosed comprising thesteps of defining related content in a cache, wherein the relatedcontent is expected to expire at the same time; defining expiry times ofthe related content in the cache; verifying a validity of the relatedcontent; removing the related content from the cache upon occurrence ofthe expiry time of the related content; and requesting updated contentto replace the removed related content.

In certain embodiments, a method for creating a personalized experiencefor a client application based on a time and/or location of a user isdisclosed comprising the steps of: determining a plurality of locationsand times at which a user of a mobile radio terminal accesses a clientapplication; generating a profile of the user's behavior and preferencesbased on the plurality of locations and times at which the user of themobile radio terminal accesses the client application; modifying adisplay of the client application based on the profile of the user'sbehavior and preferences.

In certain embodiments, a method for prioritizing the transmission ofcontent to a client device based on the time and location at which auser accesses a client application is disclosed comprising the steps of:determining a plurality of locations and times at which a user of amobile radio terminal accesses a client application; generating aprofile of the user's behavior and preferences based on the plurality oflocations and times at which the user of the mobile radio terminalaccesses the client application; modifying a display of the clientapplication based on the profile of the user's behavior and preferences.

In certain embodiments, a method for transmitting multiple pages insmaller units from a server to a client application in response to asingle request is disclosed, the method comprising the steps ofreceiving a request for a plurality of pages; transmitting the requestto a server; receiving the plurality of pages from the server; andgenerating a response including the plurality of pages, wherein theplurality of pages are separated into smaller units for transmission toa client device.

In certain embodiments, a method for a proxy to make a single request toa server to generate multiple pages wherein those pages are subsequentlydownloaded and cached by the proxy is disclosed comprising the steps of:receiving a request for a plurality of pages; transmitting the requestto a server; receiving a data transmission from the server, said datatransmission including ones of the plurality of pages from the serverand instructions regarding retrieval of other ones of the plurality ofpages; and generating a response including the ones of the plurality ofpages, wherein the plurality of pages are separated into smaller unitsfor transmission to a client device.

In certain embodiments, a method of providing applications stylefunctionality to a user of a mobile radio terminal is disclosed,comprising the steps of: means for receiving a data stream transmissionhaving a plurality of states, wherein each state is associated withoutput instructions and storage instructions, and wherein the pluralityof states is configured such that moving through the states creates theappearance of executing an application on the mobile radio terminal;means for decoding the data stream transmission and caching each of theplurality of states with the associated output instructions according tothe associated storage instructions; means for rendering a first state;responsive to an event on the mobile radio terminal, moving from thefirst state to a second state by applying the output instructionsassociated with the second state; and means for communicating a changeof state to a server.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: means for interpretingthe execution of an application such that the application can beexpressed as a plurality of linked states through which a mobile radioterminal can navigate to create the appearance of executing theapplication; means for encoding a first data stream having ones of theplurality of linked states, wherein each state is associated with outputinstructions and storage instructions; means for transmitting the firstdata stream to at least one mobile radio terminal; and means formaintaining a record of the ones of the plurality of linked states thatwere transmitted to the at least one mobile radio terminal in the firstdata stream. In certain aspects, that method may further comprise thesteps of: means for receiving changes in state of the at least onemobile radio terminal; and anticipating future state changes of the atleast one mobile radio terminal to encode additional ones of theplurality of linked states into a second data stream.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: means for providing acurrent impression having a first set of screen elements; means forbuilding an index of a plurality of impressions, wherein each of theplurality of impressions includes a set of screen elements; mean forselecting ones of the plurality of impressions that have a set of screenelements that are the most similar to the first set of screen elementsof the current impression; means for comparing each set of screenelements of the selected impressions with the first set of screenelements to determine a best fit impression; means for generating a datatransmission that comprises a set of differences between the best fitimpression and the current impression; and means for transmitting thedata transmission to a mobile radio terminal.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: means for storing a setof character images; means for providing the set of character images toa mobile radio terminal; means for generating a data transmission from aweb page according to the set of character images such that the web pagecan be reconstructed from references to the set of character images;means for transmitting the data transmission to the mobile radioterminal.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of means for transmitting afirst state to the mobile radio terminal, wherein the first stateincludes a state transition table; means for determining an order oftransmission of a plurality of states based on the state transitiontable of the first state; means for transmitting a second state to themobile radio terminal according to the order of transmission withoutreceiving a request from the mobile radio terminal.

In certain embodiments, a method of transmitting data to a mobile radioterminal is disclosed comprising the steps of: means for determining avariability of each of a plurality of elements of a first screen in anapplication; means for identifying a first set of areas of the firstscreen that can be repeated across a plurality of other screens based onthe variability of the plurality of elements of the first screen; meansfor transmitting data representing the first screen to at least onemobile radio terminal; and means for transmitting data representing thefirst set of areas of the first screen to at least one mobile radioterminal such that the at least one mobile radio terminal can reuse thefirst set of areas for other screens.

In certain embodiments, a method for managing changes to a screen overtime so that transmitting of changes to a mobile radio terminal isminimized, the method comprising the steps of: means for comparing aplurality of versions of a page to determine whether portions of thepage have changed; means for comparing a plurality of defined non-staticsections of the page to determine if at least one of the non-staticsections of the page has changed; means for selecting ones of theplurality of defined non-static portions of the page that have changed;and means for transmitting the selected ones of the plurality of definednon-static portions of the page to at least one mobile radio terminal.

In certain embodiments, a method for managing content in a cache fortransmission to a mobile radio terminal is disclosed comprising thesteps of: means for defining related content in a cache, wherein therelated content is expected to expire at the same time; means fordefining expiry times of the related content in the cache; means forverifying a validity of the related content; means for removing therelated content from the cache upon occurrence of the expiry time of therelated content; and means for requesting updated content to replace theremoved related content.

In certain embodiments, method for creating a personalized experiencefor a client application based on a time and/or location of a user isdisclosed comprising the steps of: means for determining a plurality oflocations and times at which a user of a mobile radio terminal accessesa client application; means for generating a profile of the user'sbehavior and preferences based on the plurality of locations and timesat which the user of the mobile radio terminal accesses the clientapplication; means for modifying a display of the client applicationbased on the profile of the user's behavior and preferences.

In certain embodiments, a method for prioritizing the transmission ofcontent to a client device based on the time and location at which auser accesses a client application is disclosed comprising the steps of:means for determining a plurality of locations and times at which a userof a mobile radio terminal accesses a client application; means forgenerating a profile of the user's behavior and preferences based on theplurality of locations and times at which the user of the mobile radioterminal accesses the client application; means for modifying a displayof the client application based on the profile of the user's behaviorand preferences.

In certain embodiments, a method for transmitting multiple pages insmaller units from a server to a client application in response to asingle request is disclosed, the method comprising the steps of meansfor receiving a request for a plurality of pages; means for transmittingthe request to a server; means for receiving the plurality of pages fromthe server; and means for generating a response including the pluralityof pages, wherein the plurality of pages are separated into smallerunits for transmission to a client device.

In certain embodiments, a method for a proxy to make a single request toa server to generate multiple pages wherein those pages are subsequentlydownloaded and cached by the proxy is disclosed comprising the steps of:means for receiving a request for a plurality of pages; means fortransmitting the request to a server; means for receiving a datatransmission from the server, said data transmission including ones ofthe plurality of pages from the server and instructions regardingretrieval of other ones of the plurality of pages; and means forgenerating a response including the ones of the plurality of pages,wherein the plurality of pages are separated into smaller units fortransmission to a client device. In certain embodiments, a computerreadable medium storing computer executable instructions therein forexecuting the methods disclosed herein.

The embodiments described herein are intended to be illustrative of thedisclosed inventions. As will be recognized by those of ordinary skillin the art, various modifications and changes can be made to theseembodiments and such variations and modifications would remain withinthe spirit and scope of the inventions defined in the appended claimsand their equivalents. Additional advantages and modifications willreadily occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, thepresent disclosure in its broader aspects is not limited to the specificdetails and representative embodiments shown and described herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of providing applications stylefunctionality to a user of a mobile radio terminal, comprising the stepsof: receiving a data stream transmission having a plurality of states,output instructions associated with the plurality of states, and storageinstructions associated with the plurality of states, wherein theplurality of states is configured such that moving through the statescreates the appearance of executing an application on the mobile radioterminal; decoding the data stream transmission and caching each of theplurality of states with the associated output instructions according tothe associated storage instructions; rendering a first state; responsiveto an event on the mobile radio terminal, moving from the first state toa second state by applying the output instructions associated with thesecond state; and communicating a change of state to a server.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 wherein each of the plurality of states is an HTML webpage, and wherein the plurality of states are linked via hypertext link.3. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of the plurality of statesis a small section of an original screen page and at least one of theplurality of states is an adjacent area of the original screen page. 4.The method of claim 1 wherein the mobile radio terminal is a cellulartelephone.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the mobile radio terminal isa personal digital assistant.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein theserver is a proxy server.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the datastream transmission comprises user datagram protocol packets over an IPconnection.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the data streamtransmission comprises transfer control protocol packets over an IPconnection.
 9. A method of transmitting data to a mobile radio terminalcomprising the steps of: interpreting the execution of an applicationsuch that the application is capable of being expressed as a pluralityof linked states through which a mobile radio terminal can navigate tocreate the appearance of executing the application; encoding a firstdata stream having ones of the plurality of linked states, outputinstructions associated with the ones of the plurality of linked states,and storage instructions associated with the ones of the plurality oflinked states; transmitting the first data stream to at least one mobileradio terminal; and maintaining a record of the ones of the plurality oflinked states that were transmitted to the at least one mobile radioterminal in the first data stream.
 10. The method of claim 9 furthercomprising the steps of: receiving changes in state of the at least onemobile radio terminal; and anticipating future state changes of the atleast one mobile radio terminal to encode additional ones of theplurality of linked states into a second data stream.
 11. The method ofclaim 9 wherein each of the plurality of states is an HTML web page, andwherein the plurality of states are linked via hypertext links.
 12. Themethod of claim 9 wherein at least one of the plurality of states is asection of an original screen page and at least one of the plurality ofstates is an adjacent area of the original screen page.
 13. Anon-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executableinstructions therein for executing the method of claim 1.